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Petroleum, Electricity, and Minerals
Exploration
Petroleum exploration began in the 1950s in the Red Sea region with the entry of Agip in 1959. This was followed by several companies, including Chevron, which discovered dry gas and condensates in the Suakin-1 and Bashayer-1 wells in 1976. After careful studies, Chevron was granted a concession in central Sudan in 1974 and achieved several discoveries in the Muglad and Melut basins.
In 1992, an agreement was reached between the Government of Sudan and Chevron to relinquish its concessions to the state through special arrangements. In the same year, the General Administration for Oil Exploration and Production adopted the Blocks System to divide the country’s sedimentary basins. Based on this, agreements were signed with various companies (Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company, Canadian Petroleum Company, Gulf Petroleum, and China National Petroleum Corporation), followed by agreements with several other firms.
After monumental efforts, Sudan managed to exploit its oil wealth through a consortium formed in 1996, and oil exportation officially began on August 30, 1999.
By 2004, the daily production rate reached approximately 300,000 barrels per day from the Al-Fula field (Block 6), and production eventually rose to 500,000 barrels per day.
Petroleum Pipelines
Oil pipelines represent a vital infrastructure in a vast country like Sudan, as pipeline transport is characterized by speed, safety, and low costs. Today, Sudan has six pipelines: four for crude oil and two for petroleum products.
1- Port Sudan – Khartoum Products Pipeline: Constructed in 1976, this pipeline is approximately 815 km long with an 8-inch diameter and a capacity of 600,000 metric tons per year. Following the establishment of the Khartoum Refinery, the Sudanese Petroleum Pipelines Company rehabilitated and developed the line in 2000 to operate in two directions:
- Exporting surplus gasoline from the Khartoum Refinery (Al-Jaili) to Port Sudan for international markets (capacity: 600,000 metric tons/year).
- Transporting petroleum products for domestic consumption from Al-Jaili to the Al-Shajara depots south of Khartoum (capacity: 800,000 metric tons/year).
- The company also established feeder lines to supply the Bahri Gas Power Station and the Garri (1) Station directly with fuel. It aims to establish pipelines to supply consumption areas in various states—such as Al-Jazirah, Gedaref, White Nile, Kordofan, Upper Nile, Equatoria, and Bahr el Ghazal—as well as export lines to neighboring countries in the near future.
2- Heglig – Bashayer Pipeline: This crude oil pipeline from Heglig to the Bashayer terminal on the Red Sea coast (south of Port Sudan) was established in 1999. It is approximately 1,506 km long with a 28-inch diameter and a maximum capacity of 450,000 barrels per day. 40% of the line's capacity is allocated for use by other companies.
3- Al-Fula – Khartoum Pipeline: Established in 2003, this crude oil pipeline is approximately 715 km long with a 24-inch diameter and a maximum capacity of 200,000 barrels per day. The line was constructed by CPPE (China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering).
4- Falouge – Port Sudan Pipeline: Currently under implementation, this crude oil pipeline is 1,400 km long with a 32-inch diameter and a maximum capacity of approximately 500,000 barrels per day.
Oil refineries in Sudan
Oil Refineries
Sudan has several oil refineries, with details as follows:
- Port Sudan Refinery: The first refinery established in Sudan in 1964. It was a partnership between the Government of Sudan and Shell to refine light crude oil imported from Saudi and Iraqi fields, with a design capacity of 25,000 barrels per day (bpd). It produced LPG, gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, and furnace oil. Ownership was transferred to the Sudanese government in 1999 as its products were no longer needed following the establishment of the Khartoum Refinery.
- Abu Gabra Refinery: Established in 1992 as the first refinery to process Sudanese crude oil. It has a maximum capacity of 2,000 bpd and produces furnace oil, gas oil, and naphtha for local consumption in the western part of the country.
- El Obeid Refinery: A simple refinery established in 1996, producing furnace oil, gas oil, kerosene, and naphtha. Its current production capacity is 15,000 bpd. Studies are currently underway to expand and develop the refinery to reach a capacity of 30,000 bpd for the production of light products. This project is currently ready for investment.
